In the mathematical modelling of engineering studies, when we want to make an evaluation on the experimental data we meet a significant problem that is the elimination of uncertainties in observed data. Its nature and magnitude is associated with both measurement error and our models of the systems of chemical, biological and environmental. In this work, a new technique (Holotransformation) is proposed for evaluation of a forced convection equation from experimental data. It has been demonstrated and compared by an example which is carried out "Proces Heat Transfer", D.Q. Kern, Mc Graw-Hill. P. 56-53 (1950) (6). By the Holotransformation, the problem is reflected from Eucludian space into a non-Eucludian space by a suitable transformation matrix. The solution of problem is always made in non-Eucludian space by the conventional techniques. A back reflection (Holotransformation) gives Euclidian space's solution which is the solution of original problem. The application of Holotransformation on the solution of normal equations of linear least squares problem shows that it gives an ability to find out more proper and simplest mathematical formula for observed data.

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The Mytilus edulis population at Bjornoy was found to have a bimodal frequency distribution. A study of growth rings, however, showed that modes are comprised of more than one year classes which overlap each other. Distribution of size frequencies was found to exhibit an almost similar pattern throughout the year. Juvenile mussels attached to the byssus occurred throughout the year with the exception of October 1977. Late plantigrades (or juvenile mussels) varying in length from 400 to 1000 were found attached to polythene bags at the end of July 1978. Seasonal changes in the population structure were not found useful in determining the time of recruitment.

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The fatty acids composition of aceanic Gastropod Xancus pyrum have been analysed by combined GC-MS technique, and the result showed the presence of 8 saturated and 6 unsaturated fatty acids. The methyl fatty acids were identified as n-decanoate, n-tridecanoate, n-pentadecanoate, n-hexadecanoate, n-octadecenoate, methyl nonadecanoate, 3,3-dimethyl heneicosanoate, n-pentacosanoate, and tetradecenoate, pentadecenoate, hexadecenoate, heptadecedienoate, heptadecenoate, octadecadecedienoate.

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Conidial isolates of Collectotrichum capsici were obtained from four field sites in Malaysia. Benomyl-resistant isolates were detected by their mycelial growth on agar containing 100 g/ml benomyl. Resistant isolates were found at three of the four sites examined where benomyl sprays were frequently used. Large differences in the effects of benomyl on mycelial growth of sensitive and resistant isolates were demonstrated; growth of sensitive isolates were completely inhibited at 2.5 g/ml benomyl while the resistant isolates examined, all grew on agar containing 1000 g/ml fungicide. The benomyl-resistant isolates were cross - resistant to thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim. Benomylresistant isolates were just as pathogenic to chillies as sensitive isolates. The implication of these results and other reports of benomyl resistance in Collectotrichum are discussed in relation to disease control.

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Puzzolanic activities of indigenous materials such as clays, shales, slates, volcanic ash and laterite from different localities of Pakistan are studied. Puzzolanic properties of rice hush ash are also discussed. All of these materials except laterite, behave as good quality puzzolanas. Correlation between the type of clays and their puzzolanic reactivities have been discussed. The commercial use of these materials is recommended.

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The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of ranitidine in a dose of 150 mg twice daily and antacid in a high dose on duodenal ulcer healing at 6 weeks. The proportion of patients with ulcer healing by endoscopy were; ranitidine, 64 of 80 (80%) and antacids, 52 of 67 (77.6 %). These proportions did not differ significantly. There were no untoward effects of rantidine or antacid in treated patients.

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Karyotype analysis of several cultivars of hexaploid wheat have been done by many different workers in past. Earlier the parameters employed were the chromosomal length and the arm ratio. After the invent of the Giemsa banding technique, C and N bands were recognized that were specific for different chromosomes. However, the inconsistencies in the banding pattern are quite common, which are due to inter and intra specific banding polymorphism and lack of standardization of banding techniques. As no karyotype analysis in any Pakistani cultivar of hexaploid wheat has been reported in the literature, the present study was undertaken to perform karyotype analysis by the conventional method in the cultivar Sarsabz. The cytological technique employed was a simplified version of the one described by Mujeeb-Kazi and Miranda (8). Chromosomes were identified on the basis of total length, arm ratio and satellites. A comparison was made with the corresponding values of cv. Chinese Spring reported by Gill (2).

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Diarrheic stool samples of 195 patients, suffering from diarrhea without any indication of pathogenic bacteria or/and parasites, were studied for presence of yeast and yeast like fungi in a period of one year. Fungi grown on Sabouraud media were typed, classified and species were identified using conventional methods. Distribution of 106 yeasts isolated were as follows; Candida albicans 74 (69.9%), Candida tropicallis 20 (18.9%), Geotricum candidum 3(2.8%), Candida stellatoidea 2 (1.9%), Candida parapsilosis 2 (1.9%), Candida guillermondii 2 (1.9%), Candida krusei 2 (1.9%) and Candida pseudotropicalis 1 (0.9%). In the history of the 30 out of 38 (78.9%) patients who given therapy, there were antibiotic treatment during start of diarrhea. Mean age of the patients were 13.3 years 50 percentof the patients were under 8 years. Our results show that; intestinal candidiasis must be held in mind as a cause of diarrhea due to antibiotic regimen, it's frequency was higher in childhood and Candida albicans is the most agent.

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Streptomyces sp. Strain AT7 releases both carboxymethylcellulose (Cx) and Avicelase (C1) enzymes during growth in liquid medium with maximal activities, measured as mg/ml/h, of 6.0 and 13.6 obtained at 36ºC for 2 and 9 day incubation periods respectively. Cx kept its activity at 42ºC till the end of the incubation period (18 days) while C1 lost almost 50% of its activity at the same time. Maximum yields of cell growth (protein) obtained at 28º, 36º and 42ºC; were 0.23, 0.22 and 0.25 g/ml respectively.

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We studied anticardiolipin antibody isotypes and VDRL in 45 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. These patients were also screened for some other autoantibodies, such as anti-DNA, antimitochondrial (AMA) type 5 and antinuclear antibodies. Out of 45 patients, 55.5% were anticardiolipin (ACL) antibody positive. IgG class ACL antibodies were mainly detected in patients having thrombotic events and fetal losses. IgM class ACL antibody positivity was only associated with fetal losses. We also found a significant correlation between the presence of AMA type 5 and VDRL positivity with ACL-IgG and ACL-IgM antibodies.

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Ultrastrustural changes in the liver parenchymal cells were observed in the liver biopsy specimen taken from a child patient suffering from Wilson's disease which was diagnosed on the basis of laboratory and clinical grounds. A variety of peculiar degenerative changes at the level of organelles, in particular, the mitochondria have been observed in the electron microscobical examination of liver tissue. In addition, the presence of lipofuscin granules have been described in the hepatocytes as a characteristic feature.

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Reduced glutathion (GSH) level of whole blood, an important parameter for evaluating the functional status of the cell membrane and of cellular metabolism was determined in 51 patients with chronic urticaria. One group of these patients revealed an increased level (65.0±6.2 mg %, 2p<0.001) of GSH compared to a series of normal controls (n=26) of which mean reduced glutathion level was 53.0±6.0 mg%. In the second group of patients, on the contrary, the GSH was significantly reduced (40.0±5.5 mg%, 2p <0.001).

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During a four and a half month period, we examined faecal samples from 340 children with acute enteritis and 100 controls by bacterial culture for pathogens, especially to assess the importance of campylobacter. Campylobacter species were isolated from 36 (10.6%) of diarrheal patients. This isolation rate was higher than the other enteropathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter alone was responsible for the illness in 33 (9.6%) patients. Common symptoms in patients infected with Campylobacter species were diarrhea (100%), fever (44.4%) and abdominal pain (38.8%). In the control group 2 (2%) were found to excrete Campylobacter speices.

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A non invasive method for cardiac diseases quantification is described in this paper. The method uses discriminant analysis of temporal, spectral and cepstral parameters computed from the plethismographic signal which represents an impedance variation in explored thoracic region at the level of the ascending aorta. Two kinds of cardiac diseases were explored: mitral stenosis (MT) and aortic stenosis (A.S). Fifteen parameters were identified for cardiac discrimination (Five temporal parameters, three spectral and seven cepstral). Results are compared to those of Echo-Doppler method which revealed a correlation coefficient of R=0.761 representing a statistical significance of P< 0.001.

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It has been shown that endogenous opioids are involved in the adaptive mechanisms related to stress. The adaptive competence of an organism is known to decline with age. In this experiment, age related changes in the thermoregulatory capacity of rats and the role of endogenous opioids in this mechanism were studied using the ice-water immersion test. Young (7-8 month old) and old (16-18 month old) rats were used. Opioid activity was evaluated indirectly using the specific opiate antagonist naloxone. Restoration of body temperature was significantly slower in old rats (p<0.05). Following naloxone administration, there was an increased drop in rectal temperature and a decreased rate of recovery in old rats (p<0.05). This indicated that the thermoregulatory response was significantly impaired in old rats when compared to young rats. It is concluded that a naloxone-reversible opioid activity plays a role in thermoregulatory competence. This role appears to be more critical with increased age.

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Effects of local heating with infrared irradiation (IR) and aspirin treatment together with electrical stimulation (ES) on progression of atrophy in denervated rat gastrocnemius muscle were studied. In IR treated denervated muscle, the degenerative changes were considerably greater than unheated groups. This, we thought, was due to synthesis of prostaglandis (PG's) which were stimulated with heating. In the aspirin treated group, the dosage of aspirin we used (4 mg/kg/per four day) and electrical stimulation together, were sufficient to inhibit the muscle PG synthesis. Histologically, the atrophy of these muscles and degenerative changes were considerably less than others. This study showed that, atrophy will be retarded by aspirin treatment together with electrical stimulation in denervated striated muscles.

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Complement level (C3) measurements and the effect of an adjuvant on this complement level were carried out in a hundred patients undergoing open and closed heart surgery, at the end of bypass and after correction for hemodilution, a significant, abrupt fall in the complement level was observed. Later, the complement level began to rise gradually in the early post-bypass period of 8-72 hours, to exceed the baseline value later. Vitamin A was administered to twenty patients preoperatively in order to establish its adjuvanicy on the complement level. Off bypass and during the early postbypass period, the complement level in patients with vitamin A showed a higher baseline value and less decrease compared with those without vitamin A. However in the late post-bypass period, the difference was significant in both groups of patients. In twenty patients having closed heart surgery, the complement level did not show any significant difference between baseline and post-bypass period. Thus, it may be concluded that open heart operations cause a significant quantitative decrease in the complement level and it is possible to reduce this fall partially by administration of vitamin A.

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Psoriasis in an ancient disease etiology and treatment of which is still not sufficiently known. We therefore tried oral zinc in a series of patients, a demonstrative example of which is presented here: A 14 year old girl complaining of recurring lesions of psoriasis since four years was treated with oral zinc. Complete cure followed. The clinical and laboratory data are presented. It appears that oral zinc administration has a place in treatment of psoriasis.

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