Many Muslim countries have obtained their independence, they still remain, however in the ‘developing nations group’ and partially or totally dependent upon the developed western countries. There are of course several important factors for this unfortunate situation. No matter how rich the country and effective the chances for development may be they should not expect any substantial contribution for their progress from the developed west. On the contrary the developed world will dod its best to keep its superiority over the developing world and to prevent the flow of technology to the developing countries including the Islamic world. Therefore, it must be realized that only Muslim countries themselves will change this negative state into affirmative.
First of all, the meaning of 'development’ must be correctly understood. This word is generally used for material achievement. Technological progress, high value of income per capita or high rate of industrial output and nice infrastructures of a country however cannot truly be signs of development which should be understood as "moral and national values and material progress existing together". Material progress without moral and national values may not last long enough to bring happiness and prosperity. The present chaos in ‘Super state’, developed Russia is an example for this.

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Oxidative cyclization of hydrazones (1) derived from aromatic aldehydes and aroylhydrazines with iodine and yellow mercuric oxide gave 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (2). Condensative cyclization of the same hydrazones by heating with acetic anhydride or benzoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine gave 3-acetyl-2,5- diaryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxidiazoles (3) or 3-benzoyl-2,5- diaryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (4). Dehydrogenative cyclization of oxalic or adipic acids bis (aroylhydrazides) (5 and 6) gave bis (5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) (7) or 1,4-bis (5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) butane (8). Bis (5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl (7) were also prepared by the oxidative cyclization of glyoxal bis (aroylhydrazones) (9). Bis (3-acetyl-5-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) and bis (3-benzoyl-5-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) derivatives (10 and 11) were obtained by condensative cyclization of glyoxal bis (aroylhydrazones) (9) with acetic anhydride or benzoyl chloride. Nematocidal, insecticidal, and herbicidal activities of some of the prepared compounds are reported.

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Male Wistar rats were injected daily for 40 days with varying doses of cadmium (0.25 to 2 mg/kg) as CdCl2 i.p. At the time of experiments animals were anaesthetized and blood samples were withdrawn from their hearts. As the renal function tests serum urea and creatinine concentrations were determined. Administration of 0.25 or 2 mg of Cadmium lead to the elevation of serum urea by 194 or 316% and serum creatinine by 14 and 90% respectively. When 1 mg/kg of cadmium was administered daily for 75 days, it was found that serum urea and creatinine concentrations were elevated by 280 and 80% respectively, confirming renal damage by cadmium intoxification. Serum protein was decreased whereas urine proteins were elevated significantly in cadmium treated rats. Serum samples from both cadmium treated and untreated animals were electrophoresed on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using discontinuous buffering system. It was observed that there was gradual disappearance of alpha-2 and beta 1 globulin bands from electrophoretic pattern. Instead a single sharp band was observed between beta 2 and gamma globulins only in the serum protein pattern of 2 mg/kg cadmium treated animals. The relationship between cadmium toxicity and proteinuria is discussed in some detail.

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A comparison was made between the essential leaf oils separated from seven citrus varieties growing in Egypt. The volatile components were analyzed by using Gas Liquid Chromatography on polar and non polar phase. Most of the identified components are common to all varieties. The difference in the characteristic aroma for each variety might be attributed to the differences in the concentration of the specific components in each case.

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Samples of polyurethane- halogenated fatty acids were prepared by impregnating and treating some strips of paper (waste) with typical solution. It was composed of a fatty acids (coconut oil, and Castor oil), a polyalcohol (glycerol)-dissolved in toluene and butyl acetate 1: 1-toluene diisocyanate and variable proportions of halogenated fatty acids (trichloroacetic acid and/or bromoacetic acid), in presence of dibutyltin dilaurate which acts as a catalyst and stabilizer. The prepared polyurethane- halogenated fatty acids samples were screened as fire-resistant paper. Standard test method was used to evaluate these samples. Some of it (optimum equivalent ratio, isocyanate/carboxyl was 2.28 based on carboxyl group in bromo acetic acid) were found to be efficient as fire-resistant paper.

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It is here suggested that Orbitoides concavatus Rahaghi, 1976, which was described from the Campanian sediments of Western Iran, does not belong to the genus Orbitoides but is a primitive type of Omphalocyclus.

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The amount of glucose phosphorylated and recycled by hepatocytes prepared form
C3H/He and C58 mice was measured as an indication of the difference between the
hepatic glucokinase activity in one strain compared to the other. The glucokinase activity in one strain compared to the other. The glucokinase activity was determined spectrophotometrically and by an assessment of the in vitro consumption of (2-3H) glucose by hepatocytes. The variance in glucokinase activity between the two strains does not apparently affect the minimal rate of glucose recycling as measured by the relative loss of 3H and 14C from (2-3H, U-14C) -glucose. The correlation between glycogen synthesis and glucokinase activity in isolated hepatocyte cells is being considered.

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The study aims at estimating the mineral nutrient composition of Citrus reticulata, Blanco.(Balady mandarin) and Citrus aurantium, L. (Sour orange) and its relation to soil factors in
five different ecosystems in Egypt. The results indicated that Na, Mg and Fe were optimum
or excessive in all locations, while K was the only element which exhibited a low or
deficient range. The high percentage of CaCO3 (about 25%) may cause antagonism with
K uptake, so foliar application of K-fertilizers is more appropriate to correct K deficiency in
Citrus locations. The leaf enrichment factor (LEF= element concentration in leaves/element concentration in soil) ratio was relatively higher for N, P, K, Ca and Fe in
sandy soil, for Mg in sandy and sandy loam, for Na in sandy and clayey and for Cu and Mn in sandy loam soil. Step-wise multiple regression model reveals that pH and CaCO3 concentration of soil were the most affecting factors on the concentration levels of more than 50% of the total elements in the two species.

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Personal experience gained with Lotus, Amaranthus, Medicago, and Vicia species; and flax and cotton cultivars led to conclusion that polyacrylamide gel techniques are a valuable tool to identify species and cultivars. This identification is very important for plant breeders, certification authorities and also in genetic resources management. Polyacrylamide gel techniques allow us to: 1) identify variation among the taxa of each species; 2) screen the purity of the ever expanding number of cultivars; 3) verify whether or not two or more morphologically identical accession in the collection were also electrophoretically identical; and 4) exploit the important traits of landraces and wild relatives to provide increasing crop production and stabilizing yield.

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Interaction studies of uranium ions having an energy of 960 MeV/u with a CR-39 target have been made. CR-39, a polycarbonate (C12H18O7) was used as the target as well as the detector of the incident beam and of the reaction products. Binary fission has been confirmed to be the most prominent mode of interaction. However, some higher order fission events along with events having exceptionally high multiplicities (clusters containing 30 and higher number of small tracks) have been observed. It appears from the reaction kinetics and the development properties of etch product tracks, that these high multiplicity events do not originate from radioactive contaminations within the CR-39 detector.

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The influence of agricultural wastewater effluents dumped to the Nile water at Minia (Upper Egypt) on phytoplankton distribution, diversity, succession, and standing crop was monthly evaluated in a comprehensive study for one year. Autumn harbored the highest standing crop at all sites. Bacillariophyta contributed the highest percentage composition. Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta rated second and third in the order of dominance, Euglenophyta was poorly represented. However, some members of the three groups tended to form blooms at certain times. The agricultural runoff induced gross changes in physicochemical characteristics of the Nile water and community structure of phytoplankton populations. Species of high occurrence being densly encountered at all sites were excelled by: Tabellaria fenestrata, Cyclotella bandanica, Cocconeis caespidata and Microcystic aeruginosa.

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Biopsy tissues of uterine endometrium were taken from 11 repeat breeding cows and examined histologically. Of the 11 cows 5 (45.45%) showed mild while 6 (54.45%) moderate endometritis. Mild endometritis was characterized by denudation of lining epithelium and moderate infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the lamina propria. Some of the endometrial glands showed degeneration and necrosis of their epithelial cells. In moderate endometritis, in addition to the above findings there was dense infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the stratum compactum and early fibroblastic proliferation around some endometrial glands. There was also found periglandular and perivascular leukocytic infiltration. The endometrial glands at some places were distorted and cystic. Uterine mucus was also collected from the repeat breeding cows and the organisms isolated were correlated with the type of endometritis. Mild endometritis was associated with Staphylococcus (19.05%), Bacillus (19.05%), Streptococcus (9.52%), Escherichia (4.76%) and Proteus (4.76%). In moderate endometritis there were found Staphylococcus (14.28%), Streptococcus (14.28%), Bacillus (9.52%) and Corynebacterium (4.76%).

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Two local and ten exotic accessions of guar (cluster bean), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba were evaluated for several vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Variables studied were: plant height, number of clusters per plant, pods per cluster, numbers of pods per plant, pod length, seeds per pod, 10-seed length, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. Significant differences among accessions were found for all the traits studied. Results indicated that accessions 'Mirpur' and 'D-safed' can be successfully cultivated for seed production in Sindh. Seed yield was highly significantly correlated to plant height, number of branches, clusters and total pods per plant. Similarly, number of pods per plant was correlated to plant height, number of branches and clusters per plant. Correlations of seed yield with pods per cluster, pod length, 10-seed length and 100-seed weight were positive but statistically non significant.

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The metabolic rate of the different sized rodents in relation to external temperature was studied. These rodents are the house mice Mus musculus and the roof rat Rattus rattus inhabiting the houses and fields of Egypt. The results show that the mice Mus musculus of small size had a higher rate of oxygen consumption and higher heat production than the large size one Rattus rattus. Also, the data indicate that increase of external temperature resulted in a significant decrease of oxygen consumption in the two experimental species up to 30ºC, then a gradual increase in oxygen consumption takes place as temperature increases. However, the zone of thermal neutrality and basal metabolism lies around 30ºC. From the metabolic rates obtained at various ambient temperatures, a temperature- metabolism curve can be constructed in the two experimental species.

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Serum electrolytes and calcium levels (mmol/L) were investigated in Nigerian patients with essential hypertension. The N2+ and Cl- levels were within the normal ranges and no significant differences were observed between the control subjects and hypertensive patients. No significant difference was observed for serum Ca++ level also between the two groups of subjects. Mean serum K+ level was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (5.4±0.8, 4.5±0.5, p<0.01), but it was not much different from the upper limit of the normal value for this population (5.0 mmol/L). The mean value of serum Mg++ level for the hypertensives was higher than that of the control subjects (0.84±0.04, 0.76±0.09, p<0.01). However, the mean levels of Mg++ in both the groups of subjects were within the normal range. These observations suggest that subclinical renal defects in handling K+ and Mg++ may exist in these patients with essential hypertension.

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Besides the well known components of the gastric mucosal barrier, the role of gastric phospholipids in other words gastric surfactant is a new concept and yet it remains to be studied more. In this study, hypercholesterolemic rats which were subjected to restraining and cold stress were compared to their controls by means of gastric ulcer scores, mucosal phospholipid, cholesterol, total lipid and mucin contents. Since our results showed that the mucosae of hypercholesterolemic rats are more resistant to stress than those of controls we conclude that gastric mucosal lipids might be an important component of gastric mucosal barrier.

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The 1982 revised criteria for classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was evaluated in 22 Libyan patients with SLE (age: 12-45 years; sex: 2 males, 20 females). Of these patients, 14 presented with idiopathic SLE, 2 with drug-induced SLE, 4 with hematological disorders and 2 with neuropsychiatric problems. In addition, 22 patients with classical features of rheumatoid arthritis (age: 14-50 years; sex: 5 males, 17 females), 10 patients with confirmed diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis (age: 18-
52 years; sex: 4 males, 6 females) and 22 healthy Libyans (age: 12-55 years; sex: 6 males, 16 females) were included in the study for comparison with SLE. The 1982 revised criteria demands that at least 4 or more of the criteria be full-filled by a patient to be classified as having SLE. Each of our SLE patients fulfilled more than 4 or the 1982 revised criteria, although the predominant clinical features were arthralgias, malar rash, serositis and renal involvement. Of the various immunological investigations that were conducted and compared, anti-dsDNA antibody test exhibited the highest specificity for differential diagnosis of SLE. We, therefore, recommend the measurement of anti-dsDNA antibody in all cases wherever clinically appropriate regardless of the presence or absence of antinuclear antibody. The availability of anti-dsDNA test seems to be helpful in diagnosing SLE at an early stage of the disease the potential benefits of which are obvious.

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It has been shown that patients in end stage renal disease maintened on hemodialysis program develop zinc and copper deficiency. In order to explore the causes of this important complication, this investigation was planned and conducted on 28 patients. It was observed that the mean serum zinc levels during (6I.92±13.05 g/dl) and at the end (62.92±7.92 g/dl) of the procedure were not significantly different from the initial value. But zinc concentration of the exit line of the dialyser at the end of 2 hours revealed a statistically significant difference (P<0.5). The mean serum copper levels in the entry line of the dialyser was 93.0±17.0 g/dl at the end of the procedure (P<0.05). These differences are believed to present concentration of patients blood due to ultrafiltration. It is concluded from these findings that during hemodialysis the end stage renal disease patients do not lose significant of zinc or copper in to dialysis.

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