One of the most prominent of recent developments is the understanding of human microbiota. Microbiota is a group of microbes settled in a specific area, while microbial describes the total genome of these bacteria. The 10 trillion germs, equivalent to 10 times the total number of cells in the human body, live only in the intestines. The ocular surface is in constant contact with the external environment and has been shown to have a unique flora. The diversity, detection methods, and influence of this fluorophore on ocular immunity, personality, and extrinsic factors have been investigated and improved. Specific treatment of patients, planning of systemic and topical antibiotics, and perhaps ocular flora transplantation are the aims of future studies.

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Diaphyseal forearm fractures in children are extremely common. They are mostly treated by conservative methods. The elastic intramedullary nail is a good solution owing to its advantages in the cases when surgery is needed.
A total of 154 children with a forearm double fracture, who were surgically treated with the titanium elastic nail at the Department of Orthopedics, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital between January 2010 and December 2015, were included in the study. Children aged more than 14 years with pathologic fractures, isolated radius, and isolated ulna fracture were excluded from the study. All cases were followed up for 1 year. All cases were treated first with closed reduction and casting. A surgical decision was taken for the cases that could not be reduced and had a shift in the fracture line in the follow-ups.
The average union was radiologically for 5.9 weeks (4-9). Pin tract infection was observed in two cases, skin irritation in seven cases, nail migration three cases, and refracture six cases. Nerve damage, tendon rupture, malunion, nonunion, and synostosis were not observed. Perfect results were obtained in 126 (82.7%) cases, and good results were obtained in 26 (15.9%) cases in the study.
Elastic intramedullary nailing is a surgical technique primarily preferred for forearm fractures in children because it is easily applicable; is associated with a small incision and no need for a secondary operation; has a low complication risk; and yields good clinical and radiological results.

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This study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of thiol–disulfide homeostasis in patients with acute appendicitis (AA). A total of 43 patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis in the emergency department and 59 healthy individuals were evaluated. Age, gender, white blood cell count, and thiol–disulfide homeostasis parameters (native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, disulfide/native thiol, native thiol/total thiol, and disulfide/total thiol ratios) were compared between groups. Thiol–disulfide homeostasis was determined using a newly developed method by Erel and Neþelioðlu. White blood cell counts were statistically significantly higher in the AA group, but no significant difference (P = 0.742) was found between native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide levels of the patient and control groups. Also, no statistically significant difference was observed in disulfide/native thiol, disulfide/total thiol, and native thiol/total thiol ratios (P = 0.117) between groups. This was thought to be a result of early diagnosis of AA in patients at the emergency department. Hence, the inflammatory response did not increase significantly at the time of diagnosis.

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Objective: Functional, physical and physiological characteristics of the athletes are the factors which affect the sports performance. It is known that both grip strength and respiratory function and respiratory muscle strength have an effect on the sports performance of the athletes. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the relationship between respiratory function-respiratory muscle strength and grip strength which are effective in sports performance of the athletes.
Methods: This study included 61 elite national team athletes (age: 20,63 ± 3,08 years, height: 172,26 ± 8,84 cm, body weight: 71,65 ± 14,28 kg, body mass index: 23,82 ± 3,33 kg /m2, sport age: 8,61 ± 4,34 years). Respiratory function and respiratory muscle strengths were assessed by digital spirometer and hand strength was assessed by hand dynamometer. The relationship between respiratory function and respiratory muscle strength and grip strength of the athletes was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient.
Results: At the end of the study; It was found that forced vital capacity (FVC), 1 second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) values were associated with grip strength (r: 0.302 / 0.678, p <0.05).
Conclusion: In elite athletes, respiratory function and respiratory muscle strength were found to be related to grip strength. In the light of these results; it can be interpreted that the muscle strength of athletes developed parallel to respiratory muscle strength and respiratory function. Therefore, we think that exercises for increasing respiratory function and respiratory muscle strengths should be added to athletes' training programs in order to increase muscle strength, which is important in sports performance of athletes.

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Recurrent thrombosis and lack of enough resolution of pulmonary emboli may lead to the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of initial, 10th-day and 6th-month lipid profile values with the changes in the pulmonary artery obstruction index in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE).
Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with PE were included in the study. Fifteen of them were treated using thrombolytic agents, and 13 of them were treated using conventional treatment. Pulmonary artery obstruction index of all patients was calculated after they underwent pulmonary computed tomography (CT) angiography. Arterial blood gas analysis and echocardiography were performed and lipid profile levels were analyzed during initial diagnosis and repeated on the 10th day and 6th month of the treatment.
A significant positive correlation was found between HDL and percent change in pulmonary artery obstruction index. The patients with a high level of HDL showed better emboli resolution (P = 0.013). Higher age and lower percent change in the 10th-day pulmonary artery obstruction showed a positive correlation with the persistence of embolism in the 6th month.
Patients with lower HDL levels are at risk of recurrent embolic events and even chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, which can be prevented by HDL augmentation.

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Background: Limitations in daily living activities, depression, and anxiety symptoms may be present in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) at different levels based on the severity of the injury. Regular aerobic exercise is a fairly effective treatment approach for the improvement of neuropsychiatric symptoms and physical performances of TBI patients. Cases: Beck Depression Index (BDI), Beck Anxiety Index (BAI), Barthel Index (BI), neuropsychiatric clinical findings, and motor functions were assessed before and after a 30-minute regular exercise program, three times a week for 12 weeks in two severe TBI patients with neuropsychiatric complications due to injuries sustained in motor vehicle accident. Clinical follow-up showed a substantial improvement in depression and daily life activity scales of both patients. Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise programs are highly effective and inexpensive rehabilitation methods for reducing depression levels and increasing independence in daily life activities of patients with severe TBI.

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