In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of Cadmium on iron metabolism. Iron as a complex with citric acid (1: 20) binds to human serum apo-transferrin (apo-tf). Addition of varying concentrations of Cadmium to the reaction mixtures reduces iron uptake by approximately 30 percent. Daily administration (i. p.) of Cadmium as CdCl2 (2 mg/kg) for 10 days reduced serum levels of hemoglobin (Hb), iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin by 26, 39, 20 and 47 percent respectively.
Administration of Cadmium as CdCl2 (200 g/kg) daily for 60 days reduced serum Hb, iron, TIBC and ferritin concentrations by 17, 26, 15 and 29 percent respectively in comparison to control findings.
Inspite of reduction in hemoglobin level in Cadmium treated rat no inhibition effect of Cadmium on mitochondrial ferrochelatase activity was seen. A possible mechanism for hematological disorders following Cadmium intoxication is considered.

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Plasma TXB2 and LB4 levels of 17 patients with coronary atherosclerosis were studied prior to bypass surgery. Also correlations between plasma TXB2, LB4 levels and other biochemical parameters including glucose, urea, ALT, AST, LDH, uric acid, cholesterol, triglyceride, platelet count, were investigated in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Patients with coronary atherosclerosis had increased TXB2 plasma levels as compared with those of control subjects. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were noted for LB4 between control subjects and coronary atherosclerotic patients. TXB2 levels were positively related to serum triglyceride contents and were inversely related to platelet counts and serum LDH levels. In addition, plasma TXB2 levels were positively correlated to plasma LB4 levels. In the present study, serum concentrations of glucose, urea, ALT, AST, uric acid and cholesterol, were not correlated to plasma levels of TXB2 and LB4.

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Generally, the number of genera and species of microflora were found to be decreased in River Nile water-treated with different doses of detergents. While the counts of the micro-floral populations (bacteria, fungi, algae) were inhibited by detergent treatments, only those of algae, in some cases, were promoted either slightly or markedly. From the results obtained it could be stated that algae are more sensitive to detergents under investigation that bacteria and fungi while they could not tolerate the high levels used (5 or 10g/L). This may be due to the rise in water pH which was observed to be significantly reduced to 4.2 and 2.7, respectively.
Gram positive cocci were highly sensitive to all doses of all detergents used while Gram positive bacilli were inhibited by the low doses and completely suppressed in response to all mixture doses and to high doses of the other detergents. No stimulatory effect on bacteria by any detergent was observed. With regard to fungi, it was found that some species were more sensitive to detergents than the others. Some species were inhibited by some detergents and promoted by the others. Penicillium chrysogenum was the most tolerant species and could be regarded as detergent tolerant fungus and may be used as a biological indicator for water pollution by detergents.
It was also observed that some algal species were very sensitive to all detergents used while others were tolerant to the same detergents and sensitive to others. It was also observed that a third group of algae were resistant to high doses of different detergents. These could be considered as detergent-tolerant species and regarded as biological indicators of pollution.

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Quantitative changes in the amino acids of haemolymph of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella after treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis were detected. The amounts of aspartic acid, threonine, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine decreased. Other acids such as glutamic acid, cysteine, histidine and lysine showed a marked increase after treatment with B. thuringiensis. P. operculella larvae treated with B. thuringiensis showed some reduction of calcium and magnesium ions but there was no obvious change in the level of zinc ions. A slight decrease in sodium and obvious increase in potassium and manganese ions occurred. The changes in Na+/K+ concentration after treatment throw light on the possibility that they may be among the factors interfering with toxicity caused by B. thuringiensis.

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Crude 50% ethanolic extracts of leaves, stem and flowers of Nericum Indicum Linn. and Habiscus Rosasinensis Linn. showed antibacterial activity against ten Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains.

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The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of age on conventional parameters of visual event-related potentials (ERPs). Forty two healthy subjects ranging in age from 20 to 73 were divided into three groups according to age; a young group (20-33 years), a middle-aged group (34-49 years) and older group (50-73 years). Event-related potentials (ERPs) of three groups were recorded in two different experimental conditions of which the infrequent stimulus was counted (Test 1) or uncounted (Test 2). ERPs were elicited using infrequent and frequent stimuli as red and green lights respectively. Significant amplitude and latency differences were found in comparisons between Test 1 and Test 2 for three groups. When the count stimulus condition was examined, significant latencies differences were observed between groups. The P3b latency increased significantly with age at a rate of 1.75 ms/year (r=0.65, p<0.0001).

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Our aim in this presentation is to study the paranaphtoquinone electrode with the smoke black as electronic conductor. We have studied the influence of the acidity of the electrolytical environment on the Faradic capacity of paranaphtoquinone by chronocoulometry. In the other part, the coefficient of the electronic electrode transfer have been determined using the Tafel's laws.

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Iron was fortified with vitamin A alcohol and suspended on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The mixture was stored in a desiccator at very low controlled relative humidity (aw 0.11) with 30, 40 and 50°C. The loss of vitamin A alcohol was determined by normal phase HLPC. It was observed that storage time and temperature had great effect on vitamin A alcohol degradation. The rate of loss was found to be first order kinetics in iron fortified model dehydrated system. Approximately 50% of the vitamin A alcohol was destroyed in 55, 44 and 29 hours in iron fortified system stored at 30, 40 and 50°C respectively. Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) was found to be lower (24.8x103 Jmol-1) in iron fortified food system as compared to non-fortified food system(28.3x103 Jmol-¹).

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The changes in the volatile components of three butter samples during freeze storage for 7.5 months were studied. The storage led to a significant effect on the separated carbonyl and lactone components. The increase in the yield of the carbonyls caused by peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids was taken as indication for the deterioration of the butter samples during storage.

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The chemoprotective effect of garlic oil on 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) induced carcinogenesis in sub-maxillary salivary glands of male wistar rats was studied. Animals were equally divided into five experimental groups: Group A: Given garlic oil intra peritoneally daily for three weeks prior to DMBA implantation. Group B: Given garlic oil intra peritoneally daily for four weeks after DMBA implantation. Group C: Given DMBA only. Group D: Given daily dose of garlic oil only. Group E: Normal control receiving chow diet only. The histological parameters in sub-maxillary salivary glands and serum beta carotene levels were analyzed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after DMBA implantation. The histological studies revealed that there was delayed onset and decreased severity of carcinogenesis in Group A, compared to Group B or Group C which showed early onset and extensive carcinogenesis. The serum beta-carotene levels in Group A and B were significantly higher compared to Groups C and E at all levels. Interestingly, Group D had the highest serum betacarotene level, and Group A and Group B had significantly lower serum beta-carotene compared to Group D. The Group A animals had even significantly lower serum beta-carotene levels compared to Group B.
These results indicate that garlic oil may have an adjuvant effect on various defense mechanisms of the host against DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in sub-maxillary salivary glands of rat through increased availability and utilization of beta-carotene. There is evidence that beta-carotene can indeed function as a non-conventional anti-oxidant at low oxygen pressures and thus render protection against cancer by preventing lipid peroxidation in vivo.

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The life cycle of Centrocestus unequiorchalis n. sp. was described from parapleurolophocercous cercariae emerging from Melania tuberculata snails, encysted metacercaria in Oreochromys niloticus fishes and adult stage in albino rats and ducklings. Detailed description of different stages included:
- Description of cercariae for the first time and the differences between it and cercariae of Haplorchis pumilio.
- Description of metacercaria and adult stage.
- Comparison between the present parasite and the previously described Egyptian forms

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